INDIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Chromosome identification and karyotype analysis of rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi et Ohashi] using fluorescence in situ hybridization

Pooja Pathania, Dhammaprakash P Wankhede, Gayacharan, Rajkumar Subramani — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rice bean (Vigna umbellata), an underutilized climate-resilient legume, includes the high-yielding, leaf spot resistance variety VRB-3 (Him Shakti). In the present study, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, one pair each of 45S and 5S rRNA gene loci was localized to the terminal region of the chromosomes and the estimated genome content for VRB-3 is 1.35pg against the reference standard Solanum lycopersicum cv. Stupicke.

Tissue culture system for Fraxinus velutina Toor

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study established an efficient in-vitro regeneration system for Fraxinus velutina Torr. Embryonic axes and cotyledons were identified as the optimal explants. The highest callus induction rate of 98.43% was achieved using MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L TDZ and 0.25 mg/L 6-BA (30 g/L sucrose, 8 g/L agar). For cotyledon explants, this same medium produced a 92.54% induction rate. The optimal adventitious shoot differentiation medium consisted of MS with 2 mg/L TDZ and 0.5 mg/L 6-BA, yielding a 90.28% differentiation rate. Rooting was most successful with 96.4% on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L NAA. Transplanted seedlings showed a 97.8% survival rate. These findings provide technical support for large-scale propagation and genetic transformation of F. velutina.

Elucidation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with high seed protein content using the GGE biplot approach

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rice has low protein content (6–7%), but its seed protein is superior due to better digestibility and hypoallergenic properties. Identification of rice genotypes with naturally rich and constant protein concentrations across environments is an important breeding goal for creating biofortified rice. In this context, the current study was conducted with 20 genotypes selected from the initial panel of 100 diverse genotypes based on their performance for seed protein content (SPC). The field trials were conducted, and the data were generated. GGE biplot analysis was utilized to estimate the stability of the genotypes across sites, offering insights into their performance and adaptability concerning protein content in grain. Significant effects of environment, genotypes, and genotype-environment interaction (GEI) were observed on SPCs. Both crossover and non-cross-over interactions were observed for the trait of interest. Kalinga III was identified as the most ideal genotype for SPC, along with CR Dhan 310 and Kalamahi as desirable genotypes, which can be recommended for breeding programs for developing biofortified rice cultivars to mitigate protein malnutrition.

Assessing heat tolerance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through the MGIDI approach

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) productivity is constrained by high temperature and drought stress. The present study used the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) to evaluate genotypes under post-rainy conditions and identify heat-tolerant lines. Four superior genotypes (ICGV 07222, ICGV 03043, ICGV 13312, ICGV 03042) were selected with 86.66% success at 15% selection intensity. High selection gains for traits such as pod yield per plant, heat use efficiency, photothermal use efficiency, heliothermal use efficiency, shelling percentage, test weight, canopy temperature, haulm weight and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading highlighted their role as key indicators of heat tolerance.

Dissecting gene action for heat stress-responsive traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) across heat stress environments

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Limited information is available in the literature on the dissection of non-additive gene action under contrasting sowing environments, leaving a gap in breeding strategies for heat-tolerant chickpea varieties. Therefore, an investigation was carried out on the gene interactions influencing physio-biochemical traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under heat stress conditions. Three chickpea crosses, namely, RSG807 × RSG895, RSG895 × HC5, and RSG974 × Avrodhi, were evaluated under two sowing environments during rabi seasons of 2019-20 to 2021–22. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of duplicate epistasis for several traits in specific cross-environment combinations. Relative water content in RSG-974 × Avrodhi under late sowing (E2); membrane stability index in RSG-807 × RSG-895 under E2; total chlorophyll content in RSG-807 × RSG-895 under timely sowing (E1), RSG-974 × Avrodhi under E2, and RSG-895 × HC-5 under both E1 and E2; proline content in RSG-974 × Avrodhi under E1; protein content in RSG-807 × RSG-895 and RSG-974 × Avrodhi under E2; and seed yield per plant in RSG-895 × HC-5 under E1 were observed. Overall, the inheritance of most physio-biochemical traits across both sowing environments was predominantly governed by non-additive gene actions.

Development and characterisation of EST-SSR-based markers in curry leaf (Murraya koenigii)

K. N. Poornima, B. R. Raghu, S. Ramesh, K. V. Ravishankar — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Crop improvement strategies depend on a better understanding of their genetic architecture. Murraya koenigii L. an important medicinal and aromatic value vegetable/spice tree crop, needs genetic improvement in yield and other agronomic traits. In the present study, EST-SSRs have been developed using the transcriptome sequence of curry leaf. A total of 12861 EST-SSRs were identified among the tested transcripts. The mononucleotide motif (58.8%) was more abundant than those with tri (20%), di (14.6%) and other higher order motifs (6.61%). About 24 EST-SSR primers were validated and all of them were polymorphic. The estimates of unbiased gene diversity ranged from 0.70 (for the marker MK1 locus) to 0.98 (at the MK8 locus), with an average of 0.88. The estimate of PIC values varied from 0.66 (at the MK1 locus) to 0.97 (at the MK8 locus) with a mean of 0.85, irrespective of the repeat motif-based markers. The 50 Murraya accessions could be classified into four clusters based on EST-SSR marker allelic data. Significant differences among the genotypes classified into different clusters for all three quantitative traits, namely, leaf yield, aroma intensity and essential oil content, suggested that EST-SSR marker alleles are efficient in discriminating the genotypes at loci controlling horticulturally important quantitative traits as well. To the best of our knowledge and belief, the present study is the first report on the development, validation and use of EST-SSR for assessing the genetic diversity of Murraya koenigii.

Identification, mapping of the genomic regions and mining of the candidate genes for Hundred Seed Weight (HSW) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Dr. Manisha Saini, Akshay Talukdar, R. Ambika Rajendran, S.K. Lal — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Hundred seed weight (HSW) in soybean is an important trait determining yield and quality and is also desirable for specialty soy foods like tofu, natto, miso, and edamame. In order to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and mining of the candidate genes for HSW in soybean (Glycine max.), the current study was conducted on bold seeded soybean genotype EC1023 and VLS61, a medium seeded soybean genotypes derived F2 and F2:3 mapping populations. Genetic polymorphism studied with 517 SSR markers indicated the significant polymorphism between the parental genotypes to be 19.95% (103 markers); however, distribution of the polymorphism was not uniform across the chromosomes; Chr. 14 had 30.00 % polymorphism as against 7.14 % on Chrs.12. Through inclusive composite interval mapping approach, two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) viz., qHSW-5.1 (PVE=10.70%) and qHSW-17.1 (PVE=19.86%) were mapped on Chr. 5 and Chr.17, respectively. The mapped QTLs were validated on interspecific RILs with varying level of HSW. QTL (qHSW-17.1) on Chr. 17 in the marker region Satt301-Sat_326 overlapped with the previously reported QTL for seed viability in soybean. Based on Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER), gene annotation information, andliterature search, 64 genes within two QTLs were predicted to be possible candidate genes that might regulate the HSW in soybean. The current study identified the two major QTLs and key candidate genes which govern the HSW in soybean, paving the way for developing soybean varieties with improved HSW through marker-assisted breeding.

Maximizing genetic gain for rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield by implementing genomic selection

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Improving a quantitative trait like grain yield in rice using conventional breeding approaches is time- and resource-demanding. Utilizing genomic selection for improving grain yield in rice is assumed to be promising. Our objective in the present investigation was to integrate genomic selection approach into the current breeding program to improve genetic gain. A founder population genotyped with novel genomic markers was used as a training population. The training population was phenotyped over three years for grain yield. A bi-parental population developed from parents from the founder population genotyped with the same markers was used as the testing population. Four different predictive models were used on the training population at different marker densities. The results indicate that poor marker density leads to poor predictive abilities among all models. Increasing marker density improves the prediction ability; however, the increment in predictive ability over the mid-density of markers was relatively low. The candidate genotypes selected based on predicted performance in the testing population showed a 20% higher genetic gain over the testing population, a 16% higher gain over the training population, and a 150% higher gain over the mid-parent value. The mid-density markers covering the rice genome uniformly are sufficient to implement genomic selection in rice. Integrating genomic selection into ongoing breeding programs would benefit the breeder in selecting potential candidates for improving grain yield in rice.

Resistance gene analogue assisted screening for mung bean yellow mosaic virus in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) genotypes

R Nandini, Mariyappan S B, Ambika, Ananthu Rajagopal, Sowmya H H — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mung bean production is severely constrained by mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease, making host resistance a priority for sustainable crop improvement. Resistance gene analogue (RGA) primers serve as effective molecular tools for identifying MYMV-resistant genotypes. The present study was carried out to screen 302 mung bean genotypes using RGA primers to identify resistant genotypes and validate their field performance under hotspot conditions. Among the four tested RGA primers, only two primers viz., CYR-1 (1236 bp) and VMR-1 (445bp) were successful in amplifying MYMV resistance related sequences. Among 25 genotypes, 13 were amplified by CYR-1and 24 genotypes were amplified by VMR-1. Further, thirteen genotypes showed amplification for both the primers in common, indicating the presence of resistance genes for both MYMV and mung bean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV). These results were confirmed by t test indicating significant (p = 0.001) association of these two markers with MYMV disease in mung bean. The findings highlight the efficiency of CYR-1 and VMR-1 primers as reliable markers for screening MYMV resistance. Their integration into marker-assisted selection (MAS) can accelerate breeding programs aimed at developing resistant mung bean varieties.

Stability analysis and G×E interaction study in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids for yield across different environments using AMMI and GGE models

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Stability analysis plays a vital role in plant breeding and this involves the evaluation of the genetic performance of genotypes under varying environmental conditions. Sunflower, a valuable oilseed crop primarily cultivated for its edible oil and confectionary purposes, is known for its high yield potential. However, the performance of sunflower is significantly influenced by genotype-environment interactions. Thereby, here in this study, a set of thirty-three hybrids along with three checks were evaluated across three different seasons, viz., kharif 2023, rabi 2023-2024, and summer 2024. Analysis on hybrid performance revealed that, kharif followed by rabi and summer was identified to be the most favourable. The AMMI biplots highlighted the stability of hybrids namely, H9, H22, H19, H23, H16, and checks C3, C1. Hence, based on their comparative performance, the hybrids viz., H13 and H24 exhibited higher yields in AMMI biplots across environments. Moreover, the GGE biplots, portrayed the higher stable performance of the check C1 and the hybrid H13 across environments. The hybrids, viz., H24, H13, and H32 were also identified for their high yield and moderate stability, making them desirable choices for further evaluation.In conclusion, from the «which won where» biplot it was indicated that the hybrids H13 and H24 were the stable cum desirable performers from all locations. Therefore, these genotypes could be forwarded for developing stable and high-yielding sunflower hybrids in future breeding programs.

Multivariate analysis for grain yield and yield attributing traits in maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines under acidic and neutral soil conditions

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Evaluating maize genotypes under varying environmental conditions is essential for identifying stable genotypes with high yield potential. This study investigated the multivariate relationships of grain yield and key agronomic traits in 110 maize inbred lines grown in field conditions under both neutral (pH 6.7) and acidic (pH 4.8) soils. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation among the genotypes for all traits except anthesis-silking interval. The correlation analysis indicated that under neutral soil, yield per plant showed a positive but weak association with traits such as days to 50% silk emergence, anthesis-silking interval, days to 75% maturity, plant height and ear height. Under acidic soil conditions, however, yield exhibited negligible positive correlations with all traits. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three components explained 81.6% of the total variation. Hierarchical clustering classified the genotypes into four distinct clusters, with genotypes P53, P66, P37, P100, P60, P90, P59 and P36 showing superior performance under acidic conditions. These genotypes demonstrated higher grain yield, plant height, ear height and a shorter anthesis-silking interval, and all are promising parents for breeding programs targeting improved performance under acidic soil conditions. The findings provide valuable insights for maize breeding strategies aimed at improving performance across different soil pH environments.

Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of barnyard millet [Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link.] genotypes for yield and quality traits

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Barnyard millet is an important minor millet crop that is valued for its superior nutritional qualities and short duration. The studies on genetic diversity aimed at exploring diversity within genotypes through morphological, molecular, and nutritional profiles (Fe and Zn) were undertaken to assess significant variation among 30 barnyard millet genotypes. The genotypes were categorized for qualitative and quantitative traits based on the Shannon diversity index and D2 analysis, respectively. Thirty genotypes were grouped into four clusters, wherein Cluster I and Cluster IV comprised 19 and 9 genotypes, respectively; Cluster II and Cluster III each had a single genotype only. The genetic diversity analysis using 14 SSR markers on 12 genotypes of barnyard millet showed polymorphism. The highest number of alleles per locus was generated by BMESSR 16, BMESSR 19, and BMESSR 28. The higher PIC value (0.63) was found to be of the BMESSR 19 marker. The cluster analysis for both molecular and morphological analyses grouped the genotypes into two clusters. The first Cluster comprised 20 genotypes, and the other comprised 10 from the Jammu region, suggesting the presence of diversity among the genotypes. All the genotypes were stratified into 2 groups (K=2) in population structure analysis. The results of micronutrient content analysis showed the highest amount of iron content in IEC-217 (26.24 mg/100g) and the highest zinc content in BAR 1012 (6.35 mg/100g). The study highlighted the presence of genetic diversity in diverse barnyard millet genotypes for conservation and further use in crop improvement.

Unveiling a novel gene inheritance model for peduncle length in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia L.)

Hansraj Mahla, Khushwant B. Choudhary, Ramavtar Sharma — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Understanding the inheritance patterns of specific traits related to plant architecture is crucial for selecting appropriate breeding methods. Crosses were conducted between RMO-257 (short peduncle, female parent) and CZMO-18-4 (long peduncle, male parent), as well as between CZM-45 (short peduncle, female parent) and CZMO-20-2-2 (long peduncle, male parent) for peduncle length, an important trait for plant architecture. The results revealed that peduncle length follows a ratio of 2.82:1 and 3.28:1 in the respective crosses, indicating control by a major gene, with minor genes or environmental factors contributing to its continuous variation. Although peduncles are categorized as either long or short, the long peduncle phenotype ranges from 5 cm to 15 cm, suggesting the involvement of multiple factors influencing the dominant gene. The short peduncle trait was found to be recessive. Non-significant χ2 values further confirmed that the observed results adhered to Mendelian inheritance patterns. This pioneering study on moth bean provides novel insights into the genetic control of peduncle length, offering a foundation for the development of improved breeding approaches in this underutilized crop. The above elucidation is a first report on the genetic inheritance of peduncle length or any trait in the orphan legume moth bean.

Unraveling the influence of kernel row number and cob-related traits on the expression of heterosis in field corn (Zea mays L.)

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Kernel row number (KRN) is an important agronomic trait of the female inflorescence and it is a significant breeding target. In the investigation, a set of 280 inbred lines derived from multiple disease-resistant pools was characterized for KRN and other cob-related traits. Out of 280 inbred lines, 45 lines differing for KRN were selected and evaluated at two locations and three environments. The inbred lines showed significant variation in yield and yield contributing traits at both locations and all the environments considered for evaluation. The KRN and other traits showed a high phenotypic coefficient of variation (ranged 6.47–24.39), genotypic coefficient of variation (ranged 6.47–24.39), and heritability (ranged 71.5–99.6), which were consistent across environments, suggesting the stability of performance of inbred lines and the possibility of genetic gain through selection for these traits. Further, the contrast inbred lines for the KRN trait were identified, which ranged from 10-12 rows (AI 504, AI 505, AI 515, AI 516, AI 518, and AI 519 low KRN) to 18-24 rows (AI 545, AI 536, AI 537, AI 542, AI 543, and AI 544 high KRN). These selected lines (six lines each) were crossed in a diallel fashion and generated 144 F1 combinations. Hybrids so obtained showed significant variation for KRN and other yield component traits, coupled with significant general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances and effects. The ratio of GCA/SCA variance and effect suggested that all the traits, including KRN, are governed by additive gene action. The combinations having low × low KRN have not expressed any significant heterosis, but the cross involving low × high KRN, and high ×high KRN showed significant heterosis for grain yield of hybrids viz., AH-4271, AH-4152, AH-4139, AH-4072, and AH-4039. Hence, the parental lines of these selected hybrids have the potential to improve the productivity of field corn and are also sources for future heterosis breeding programs.

Marker assisted introgression of stay green QTLs and identification of stable high yielding stay green genotypes using AMMI based selection indices in rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sorghum is a key cereal crop in Asia and African regions, valued for its resilience in dryland regions and used for food, fodder, and biofuel. However, in the post-rainy season, sorghum production is impacted by terminal drought stress. The stay-green trait enhances its adaptability to drought, making it a vital focus in breeding efforts. This study aimed to identify stable, high-yielding stay-green sorghum lines through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Three farmer-preferred, non-stay-green varieties viz., SPV2217, BJV44, and SVD0806 were crossed with stay-green donors K260 and K359w, which carry the stg3A and stg3B QTLs, respectively. Analysis of the BC2F2 populations of six crosses revealed high heritability, variability and genetic advance for yield traits. Foreground selection with 10 SNP markers confirmed the presence of stay-green alleles. Further evaluation in the BC2F3 and BC2F4 generations validated consistent stay-green expression. In BC2F4 generation, positive significant correlations were seen between most of the stay-green traits and grain yield, except rate of leaf senescence, which had a negative correlation. Field trials at four locations in the northern zones of Karnataka i.e., Dharwad, Bailhongal, Hukkeri, and Vijayapura identified genotype STG 1 as the most stable, high-yielding line, based on AMMI stability indices ASTABi and ssiASTABi, making it promising for drought-prone regions in Karnataka.

Dissecting the genetic basis of fruit quality traits in muskmelon using crosses with Cucumis melo var. callosus and C. melo var. momordica

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Fruit quality is an important component in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) breeding due to its direct influence on consumer preference and market value. The majority of commercial varieties of muskmelon are highly susceptible to various diseases and pests. Consequently, researchers increasingly rely on wild relatives as critical genetic resources for introgressing resistance in breeding programmes. In this context, the present study aimed to elucidate the genetic control of eight fruit quality traits: fruit length, fruit diameter, flesh thickness, cavity width, fruit shape index, average fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity using generation mean analysis. Two inter-varietal crosses were developed involving wild relatives, DSM 132 (C. melo var. callosus) and DSM 19 (C. melo var. momordica), with a commercial variety, Hara Madhu, as the common recurrent parent. Six segregating populations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1, BC1P2) were evaluated across multiple seasons (2022–2024). Scaling and joint scaling tests revealed that the additive-dominance model alone was insufficient, suggesting the involvement of non-allelic interactions. Six-parametric model analysis showed that dominance (h) and dominance × dominance (l) interactions were most significant for most of the fruit quality traits. Duplicate epistasis was observed for most of the quality traits, including TSS, average fruit weight, flesh thicknessand titratable acidity, suggesting the potential for heterosis breeding or recurrent selection to improve these traits. Overall, the present findings provided insights into the genetic architecture of fruit quality traits in muskmelon and paved the way for the strategic use of wild relatives in breeding programmes.

Photoperiodism and plant growth regulators: optimized callus induction and regeneration in Dendrobium orchid var. earsakul

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Orchids are highly valued for their beauty, diversity, and commercial importance. This study examines Dendrobium Orchid var. Earsakul, a unique mutant with significant conservation and market value, to develop faster and more efficient propagation methods than conventional techniques. Tissue culture experiments were conducted using MS medium with different combinations of plant growth regulators under varied light conditions. Kinetin with NAA produced the fastest callus induction (4 days) and highest callus biomass, while light significantly enhanced callus formation compared to darkness. For shoot regeneration, BAP with NAA resulted in the earliest shoot initiation, highest shoot number, and better shoot growth. Rooting was most effective with BAP and IBA, giving early root initiation and maximum root length. Overall, the study demonstrates the crucial interaction between light and hormones in improving micropropagation and supporting conservation and commercial production of Dendrobium Earsakul.

Transfer of GA-sensitive dwarfing gene Rht18 by marker assisted breeding in HD3086 (Triticum aestivum L.) and multi-environment trials under varying seedling emergence regimes

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The height reduction caused by the prevalent semi-dwarfing GA-insensitive gene Rht-B1b is associated with numerous negative pleiotropic effects, the major ones being reduced coleoptile lengths and lower early establishment rates, especially in moisture-stressed environments worldwide. Hence, breeding for wheat varieties with alternate GA-responsive (GAR) semi-dwarfing genes, such as Rht18, is an efficient approach for developing varieties for the moisture-stressed regimes globally. In this study, a structured marker-assisted backcross (MABC) breeding program was conducted to transfer the Rht18 gene into the mega wheat variety, HD3086. A total of 46 Rht18 positive BC2F5 lines were identified with an average background genome recovery of 88.34% using Wheat Breeder’s 35K Axiom SNP Array. Multi-environment trials were carried out at three locations under two conditions, i.e., stubble retained (SR) and rainfed (RF). ANOVA revealed significant differences for most of the traits in these trials. Plant height (PH) reduction in Rht18 introgressed lines ranged from 8.25–12.97 cm under SR and 5.25–10.15 cm under RF regimes. GGE biplots indicated specifically adapted and stable genotypes for yield in stubble-retained and rainfed regimes. These Rht18 lines hold strong potential for varietal release with further multi-location and multi-season trials. Ultimately, they will contribute to broadening the genetic base of Rht genes, especially for improving wheat adaptation in moisture-stressed environments.

Univariate parametric and nonparametric techniques for analyzing fiber quality and yield stability in Sea Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.)

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The techniques used to evaluate the stability and adaptability of genotypes across environments and to study genotype-by-environment interactions (GEIs) are ever-evolving. In this sense, employing multiple approaches to measure the nature of the GEI from multiple aspects is frequently preferable rather than relying solely on a single analysis. A panel of 50 Gossypium barbadense genotypes was assessed over three years at the research sites using a randomized full-block design. The results of the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model indicated that the number of bolls (NB), single plant yield (SPY), fiber length (UHML), and fiber strength (FS) were significantly impacted by genotype, environment, and GEI. Based on the multiplicative effects analysis of AMMI into interaction principal components (IPCs), the studied traits had two significant components. The AMMI model predicted that the stable genotypes for NB were G30 (ICB13), G10 (ICB35), and G31 (ICB176), while those for SPY were G38 (ICB16), G34 (ICB244), G19 (ICB73), G29 (ICB207), and G41 (CCB11A). Genotypes, G23 (ICB262), G29 (ICB207), G7 (ICB220), and G21 (ICB143) for UHML and G19 (ICB73) and G39 (ICB39) for FS were considered to be stable. In this study, for yield traits, the E1 environment better differentiated the genotypes, whereas for quality traits, all three environments showed their discriminativeness. In terms of identifying highly stable and high-yielding genotypes, all of the SSI models were performed, which revealed that genotype G41 (CCB 41), an advanced breeding line, had good stability across environments with relatively high yields coupled with good fiber quality.

Multivariate analysis of drought stress indices to assess bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm under rainfed conditions

Vishnu Kumar, Vikram Singh, Arun Gupta, Vikas Gupta, Gyanendra Pratap Singh — Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Water stress impacts wheat yields and poses a serious threat in stabilizing the global food supply. In the present investigation, 71 diverse bread wheat germplasm accessions were evaluated at Karnal and Hisar locations under normal and water stress (four environments) conditions during Rabi, 2022-23. The overall pooled grain yield showed a reduction of 15.6% under water stress, while days to heading, tiller count and plant height were reduced by 8.1%, 15.5% and 12.5%, respectively. The genotypes, namely K8027, HI1531, PBW175, UAS375, WH1142, HI1612, K1317, etc., showed higher NDVI values both at heading and grain filling stages under stress conditions. Grain yield (GY) showed positive and significant associations with 1000 grain wt. (r=0.62***) and tillers/m (r=0.53***). In the principal component biplots, 14 drought stress indices were grouped into three clusters. The genotypes K9465, HD2987 and K8027 were the three top rankers for drought susceptibility index (DSI), however showed yield reduction of 10.4%, 5.5% and 17.4% over the best check NIAW3170. Most of the drought stress indices considered only the grain yield reduction as selection criteria; however, the yield potential coupled with drought tolerance is desired to get favourable gene constellations. The drought resistance index (DRI) was highly successful in identifying high-yielding and drought-tolerant genotypes. The genotypes viz., HD3171, MP1358, 20^th HTWYT-48, 29^th SAWYT-316 and WAP91 appeared to be high yielding and drought-tolerant. The traits, such as 1000 grain weight, grains/spike and tillers count can be targeted as on-farm selection criteria under water stress and to train genomic models.

Exploring the effects of qDTY2.1 genomic regions on yield related traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under well watered conditions

Mon, 05 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The quantitative trait locus qDTY2.1 regulates yield under drought stress in rice. This study investigates the role of qDTY2.1 on yield-related traits in rice under well-watered conditions. For comparison, a large qDTY2.1 region (Chr02: 10.7–17.68 Mbp) and its fine-mapped segment (Chr02:10.7–11.4 Mbp) were compared to understand the linkage drag effects. Out of 432 F2 population derived from a cross between Swarna Sub1 and CR Dhan 801 (qDTY2.1 and qDTY3.1), 132 lines possessing only the qDTY2.1 were evaluated for the yield-related traits in well-watered conditions. This analysis showed similar effects for the large (Chr02: 10.7–17.68 Mbp) and fine-mapped (Chr02:10.7–11.4 Mbp) qDTY2.1 region. Besides, the effect of the six haplotypes (two parental and four recombinants) significantly differed (p <0.05) for productive tillers, unfilled grains, and 100-seed weight. Based on the expression in the panicle stage, two candidate genes, namely, a meristem regulator gene (Os02g0293300; OsFDML1; Chr02:11.15 Mb) annotated as Arabidopsis homolog of factor of DNA methylation 1 and calcineurin B-like (Os02g0291000; OsCBL7; Chr02:11.01 Mb), were identified, which may regulate the yield-related traits in well-watered conditions. Thus, the present findings indicated the statistical effect of large and fine-mapped qDTY2.1 and their haplotypes in affecting the yield-related traits in well-watered conditions.

Expression analysis of genetic loci linked with bakanae disease resistance in japonica rice of North Western Himalayas

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi is emerging as a serious threat in the production of japonica rice under high altitudes of the western Himalayas and basmati rice in northern regions. To identify resistant sources for Bakanae disease of rice, a population of 165 doubled haploids (DHs) was screened through artificial inoculation using a uniform F. fujikuroi ‘A30’virulent isolate under controlled conditions. Out of 165 inbred lines, 105 were identified as resistant, 51 moderately susceptible and nine susceptible to disease. A polymorphism survey was conducted with the help of 502 KASP markers on 12 chromosomes. On chromosome 6, a 6.25% polymorphism was found between parents, GS-88 and K-332. Two DHs, D5-2 and D5-3, showed 6% polymorphism among themselves, while DHs D49-3 and D49-4 revealed just 3.6%. Further, 19 defense-related genes located between markers, ALK_SNP_ff_2 (6.8Mb) and RM19817_SNP_nn_3 (9.7 Mb), were identified through in silico. Primers for three transcripts (Os06g0279900, Os06g0249500 and Os06g0267400) were designed through Primer 3Plus. Based on the disease severity index, two extreme resistant and susceptible DH lines, along with parents, were selected for expression studies using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Expression pattern between resistant and susceptible lines varied at two different stages, viz., 10 days post inoculation (dpi) and 24 dpi. Genes Os06g0279900 and Os06g0249500 were significantly enriched at 10 dpi and Os06g0267400 at 24 dpi in resistant lines, but were absent in susceptible lines. This indicates that the response shown by resistant DH against the pathogen was much faster than that of susceptible ones. These responses at 10 and 24 dpi are suggestive of an active defense system induced by the pathogen in resistant cultivars, which involves pathogenesis-related gene expression and enrichment pathways to defense of rice plants.

Promoter characterization of chickpea delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene provides novel insights into its stress responsiveness

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Proline is an osmolyte that accumulates in response to various environmental stresses and serves several protective functions in plants. The gene P5CS (delta-1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) codes for a key regulatory enzyme in proline biosynthesis. In the present study, we have isolated and in silico characterized the promoter region of the chickpea P5CS gene (CaP5CS). The expression of the gene was examined under various abiotic stresses such as cold, salinity and dehydration and also on application of various phytohormones and chemicals to understand the changes in gene expression which are driven by the promoter. Structurally, the promoter sequence was enriched in many cis- regulatory elements (CREs) recognized by transcription factors (TFs) involved in both ABA (Abscisic acid)-dependent and independent signaling pathways for proline biosynthesis. The gene was observed to be both spatially and temporally regulated. It was observed that the gene was highly up-regulated under heat and dehydration stress at 3 hours of stress treatment. Under dehydration, for the same tissues, the proline content was also estimated to increase by more than 3 fold from 3 to 6 hrs. Notably, under cold and IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) treatment, the gene was down-regulated, which confirms the role of the gene primarily under osmotic stress. This study provides novel insights into regulation of proline biosynthesis in chickpea. Also, the promoter isolated can be utilized to enable spatial and temporal control in transgene expression in genetically modified crops developed for enhanced stress tolerance.

Unravelling chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotype stability through univariate and multivariate approaches under varying soil types and water regimes

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a vital protein-rich crop predominantly cultivated in rainfed conditions, making it vulnerable to environmental challenges like drought. Understanding genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) is crucial for developing cultivars that are adaptable to diverse climatic conditions. To identify promising genotypes for drought resilience, a multi-environment trial was conducted across 10 distinct environments varying in soil type and moisture, involving 21 chickpea genotypes. The study observed significant variation in seed yield among the genotypes, with genotype G4 (BGD103) consistently achieving the highest yields under drought-stress conditions. Combined variance analysis revealed that the environment accounted for 73.59% of the total variation in grain yield, while GEI contributed 13.95% and genotypes contributed 12.44%. GGE and AMMI biplots further illustrated the relationships between environments and genotypes, identifying environments E5, E1, and E3 (characterized by medium black soil) as favourable for chickpea cultivation. Genotypes G1 (BDG75), G4 (BGD103), and G11 (JG16) were recognized as stable and high-yielding across these environments. Additionally, genotypes G1, G4, G5 (Digvijay), G7 (GNG1581), G14 (Pusa1003), and G18 (RSG896) demonstrated broad adaptability across all environments. Parametric and non-parametric stability models pinpointed genotypes BDG75, BGD103, GNG1581, and RSG896 as the most stable. Further, genotypes G1, G4, and G18 showing consistent genetic stability and high yields across diverse conditions. These findings provide valuable insights for chickpea breeding programs focused on enhancing yield resilience under water stress conditions, contributing to the development of robust, water stress resilient cultivars.

Folate profiling and characterization of sub-tropically adapted maize inbreds using folate-metabolism related genes

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Folates, also known as vitamin B9, are vital for the normal growth and development of humans. In this study, we assessed 48 specialty and biofortified maize inbred lines for folate content and characterized them using markers specific to 78 candidate genes governing folate metabolism. Folate content, measured as the sum of 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-FTHF) and 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), varied widely from 21.4 to 98.0 μg/100g, with a mean of 55.7 μg/100 g. Analysis using 78 SSR markers indicated a high conservation of folate-related genes across the genotypes. A total of 116 alleles were detected with a mean of 2.27 alleles/locus (range: 2–5). Among the markers, Fo-SSR-17 had five alleles, showing the highest discriminating power. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.36 with a range from 0.19 (Fo-SSR-62) to 0.59 (Fo-SSR-50). Diversity analysis grouped the 48 genotypes into three distinct clusters, with a dissimilarity coefficient ranging from 0.08 to 0.34 (mean: 0.22). Single marker analysis found four markers significantly associated with folate content. Further, the haplotype analysis identified Hap6 (ABBB), Hap8 (ABHB), and Hap5 (ABAA) as superior haplotypes exhibiting higher folate content with mean values of 87.6 μg/100 g, 83.7 μg/100 g and 79.5 μg/100 g, respectively. Identification of diverse high folate inbred lines of maize inbreds and superior haplotypes offers potential for use in maize folate biofortification programs. This is the first report on characterization using a candidate gene for folate accumulation in subtropical genetic background.

Conservation agriculture facilitated assessment of genetic potential of new generation maize hybrids and improving the breeding efficiency

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

To meet the increasing demand for maize grains in India, high-yielding maize hybrids have to be released in the farmer’s field for adoption during kharif. The current study was carried out to estimate the potential of new generation hybrids generated by crossing the inbreds developed through a repeated cycle of recurrent selection in maize (Zea mays L.) under conservation agriculture conditions maintained under a maize-wheat cropping system. We hypothesised that soil health is a major determinant of yield realisation, particularly during Kharif in northern plain conditions, and therefore conservation agriculture can facilitate the identification of hybrids with high yield potential. In contrast, conventional tillage does not support the hybrids of high yield potential. To test the hypothesis, 91 hybrids developed by crossing 14 inbreeds in a half-diallel fashion were grown along with parents in both conservation and conventional tillage conditions. The result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant variance for all the traits under study in both conditions. Combining ability estimates showed that most of the traits involved both additive and non-additive gene actions. Phenology along with radiation use efficiency by better capturing the sun light plays an important role in yield maximisation as indicated by the contribution of PMICS20, PMICS11, PMICS13 PMICS17 and PMICS12 for optimization of days to silking, maximising LAI and stem girth for higher yield realisation at least under conservation agriculture through additive gene action of complementary alleles dispersed in the parents or because of non-additive gene action at some of loci in hybrids like PMICS20/PMICS11, PMICS17/PMICS12 and PMICS15/PMICS12. Population improvement programme through repeated crossing to combine the favourable genes and selection under conservation agriculture for slightly delayed silking, along with higher LAI, more number of grains per row, grain weight and stay grain trait can lead to the development of hybrids competing with rice in terms of economic return.

Exploring genotypic diversity and processing effects on protein quality for nutritional and functional enhancement in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.)

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pigeon pea protein isolate (PpPI) offers a sustainable and high-quality plant-based protein alternative. This study investigated the in-vitro protein digestibility of thirty pigeon pea genotypes, identifying two contrasting lines—Pusa Arhar 2018-4 (low digestibility) and ICP 1452 (high digestibility). The cytotoxicity, amino acid bioavailability, and gene expression modulation induced by PpPI hydrolysates, along with the impact of thermal processing, were evaluated using Caco-2 cells. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay confirmed that PpPI hydrolysates were non-cytotoxic in both control and autoclaved samples. The amino acid bioavailability assay revealed that neutral and polar amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, proline, and leucine) had higher transport efficiency (17.43–27.90%) than charged amino acids (9.08–18.76%). Autoclaving significantly improved amino acid transport, with bioavailability ranging from 3.18–21.93% in Pusa Arhar 2018-4 and 4.38–34.84% in ICP 1452. Gene expression analysis using Caco2 cell line showed upregulation of the peptide transporter gene PepT1 (1.04–1.87-fold in Pusa Arhar 2018-4; 1.07–1.89-fold in ICP 1452), with significantly higher expression in autoclaved samples (p <0.05). SREBP2, a key cholesterol metabolism regulator, was downregulated in both genotypes, though not significantly affected by thermal processing. These findings highlight the potential of autoclaved PpPI hydrolysates to improve amino acid bioavailability and intestinal gene expression, providing key insights for selecting pigeon pea genotypes with superior protein quality to guide breeding for enhanced nutritional functionality.

Genome-wide identification, evolution and expression analysis of the HSP20 gene family in lentil [Lens culinaris (L.) Medikus]

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Lentil [Lens culinaris (L.) Medikus, 2n = 2x = 14] is one of the most important legumes around the world. The crop is sensitive to various abiotic stresses, including heat and drought. Among various classes of proteins, heat shock proteins (HSPs), play a vital role in regulating developmental processes and the responses to environmental stresses. Of these, the HSP20 family has gained attention however, its genomic organization and functions are uncharacterized in Lens species. Our study thus identified a total of 47 putative LcHSP20 genes, which were classified into five subfamilies based on predicted subcellular localization and phylogenetic relationships. Sequence analysis revealed that the majority of LcHSP20 genes possess either no introns or only a single short intron, indicating a streamlined gene structure. Phylogenetic clustering further demonstrated that members of the same subfamily exhibit conserved gene structures and motifs, suggesting potential functional similarities. Moreover, expressions analysis revealed that the transcript levels of LcHSP20 genes were significantly induced under salt stress condition. Notably, two genes, LcHSP20-44 and LcHSP20-13, were markedly upregulated in response to these stressors, highlighting their potential roles in enhancing salt stress tolerance in lentil plants. This is the first genome-wide study of the HSP20 gene family in lentils, providing critical insights into their evolutionary and functional roles, laying the groundwork for future research on stress tolerance and improving lentil breeding programs.

MGIDI-based selection and stability analysis of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) mutants under acidic soils using AMMI and GGE models

S. MD. Basid Ali, Surendra Singh Khangembam, Noren Singh Konjengbam — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the present study, eighty-four M₃generation mungbean mutant families along with two controls/parents were evaluated for eleven morphological traits during Zaid 2024 under acidic soils of Meghalaya. Based on phenotypic selection and MGIDI selection index ten number of superior mutant families were identified namely viz., B1-8, A2-8, A1-5, B1-1, A1-10, A2-9, B1-12, B1-11, B2-12 and B1-13. The selected mutant lines were evaluated for single plant yield (SYP) in four different locations of Meghalaya i.e., CPGS AS- Farm (E1), NBPGR, Shillong (E2), Umeit field (E3) and COA – Experimental farm, Krydemkulai (E4) with highly acidic soil conditions pH ranging from (4.80 – 5.12). AMMI ANOVA revealed significant differences among the mutant lines, environments and Mutant × Environment interaction and most of the variation was accounted by mutant lines (65.78%) indicating least influence of mutant and environment interaction. The mean single plant yield (SYP) of tested genotypes involving ten mutant lines along with two controls ranged from 3.12 gm Pusa 1431 (Control) to 10.37 gm in A1-10 (mutant) across the environments. The AMMI analysis revealed that mutant line A1-10 showed higher seed yield, performing well across a wide range of environments. The mutant lines A1-10, in E1, E2 and E3, A2-8 in E1, E3 and E4 and B1 -11 in E3 were found to be highly stable and gave the highest yield in their respective mega-environments. Out of four locations E2 (NBPGR, Shillong) was the most discriminating and E3 (Farmers Field, Umeit) was the most representative to provide unbiased information about the performance of genotypes. Based on the mean versus stability graph, the mutant A1-10 stands out because of simultaneous high yield and high stability.

Deciphering genetic variation in horse gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.] through multivariate analysis

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated genetic variability, trait associations, and multivariate divergence among fifty horse gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.] genotypes using an Augmented Block Design with six checks replicated across three blocks. Data on eight quantitative traits, including seed yield, were analysed through standard statistical methods. Significant variability was observed across all traits, indicating ample scope for selection and improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, coupled with high heritability and genetic advance for seed yield and number of pods per plant, emphasized their importance as primary selection criteria. Correlation analysis revealed that seed yield was positively and significantly associated with pods per plant, seeds per pod, days to flowering, and days to maturity, highlighting the role of these traits in yield enhancement. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that the first two components accounted for more than 62% of the total variation, with PC1 reflecting yield and maturity traits, while PC2 represented seed size and branching. Biplot analysis effectively identified promising genotypes with superior yield attributes and clarified interrelationships among traits. Overall, the study confirmed substantial genetic diversity in horse gram germplasm and identified promising lines with potential for use in breeding programs aimed at yield improvement and adaptability.

Heterotic potential of partial male sterile-based hybrids in finger millet (Eleusine corocona L.): Implications to genetic improvement

Manjappa, M. V. C. Gowda, Nandini C., S. Rangaiah, Sujay V. — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Finger millet, a nutrient-rich and climate-resilient cereal, faces declining cultivation due to poor productivity, largely because of the lack of effective hybridization techniques. A set of 46 hybrids developed through partial male sterile line PS 1 was evaluated in summer and kharif seasons. Significant differences were observed among hybrids and parents for 16 traits, with key yield traits showing strong genotype × environment (G×E) interactions. Heterosis for grain yield ranged from -41.7% to 58.1% during summer and -38.5% to 48.4% in kharif over the check variety GPU 28. Notably, the hybrid PS1 × GE 4972 exhibited stable heterosis 23.4% and 48.4%), respectively across both the seasons, while PS1 × GE 4764 (58.1%), PS1 × GE 436 (31.9%) and PS1 x MR1 (26.6%) showed season-specific heterosis. These hybrids showed highest heterosis, reported thus far in finger millet and indicated the crop’s potential for increased productivity. Promising heterotic hybrids were also identified for traits like fodder yield, ear head weight, and seed weight. High correlations between hybrid means and mid-parent values for traits like finger length, days to maturity, and seed weight suggested additive gene action. Genetic diversity analysis of 47 parents revealed substantial diversity and geographical clustering. However, no direct correlation was observed between heterosis and parental divergence based on morphological or SSR polymorphism. The present study is the first extensive heterosis investigation in finger millet demonstrating the potential of partial male sterility for improved hybridization and exploring broader genetic pools. The promising hybrids and parental lines offer new opportunities for finger millet improvement.

Functional activity of the genetic apparatus of cell during heterosis of various agricultural crops

Afet Dadash Mammadova, Ramiz Aliyev — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The paper presents the results of a study of the functional activity of the genetic apparatus taking into account the localization of its components in nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts during heterosis in tomato, cucumber, eggplant and wheat. In terms of DNA content per cell, all hybrids, regardless of the type and degree of heterosis, surpassed their parents. Tomato hybrids show activation of genetic material synthesis in mitochondria, while wheat hybrids show activation in mitochondria and chloroplasts. The data obtained indicate that when the nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genetic systems of a plant cell function with increased load, the hybrid can be expected to exhibit the effect of heterosis. These data are consistent with James's hypothesis that one of the causes of heterosis is the redundancy of the genetic code, and with Kihari H.'s hypothesis on nuclear-cytoplasmic heterosis.

Identification of potential alleles contributing for yield attributing traits in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown under Western Himalayan Kashmir Valley

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Common bean is increasingly recognized as a highly beneficial global food source due to its rich nutritional and medicinal properties. The present study assessed the genetic variability among unexplored common bean germplasm using morphological parameters. Phenotypic coefficient of variation values were consistently greater than genotypic coefficient of variation values in both the locations, Wadura and Shuhama emphasized the significant variation. For genotyping and association analysis, 100 SSR markers spanning all chromosomes were employed, which resulted in the amplification of 534 alleles, with an average of 5.34 alleles per marker. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values ranged from 0.5325 to 0.8926, averaging 0.7553. Using both the Mixed Linear Model (MLM) and General Linear Model (GLM) approaches, 4 SSR markers were found to be associated with days to flowering, number of pods per plant, and harvest index, explaining 14-48% of phenotypic variation. Notably, markers BM185 and BMB742 were identified as common in both models. The findings provide valuable genetic insights that can support breeding programs focused on enhancing yield-related traits in the North-Indian Himalayan region.

Introgression and evaluation of glyphosate tolerance gene EPSPS into the Indian soybean (Glycine max L.) variety JS9560 through marker assisted backcross breeding

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Weeds are becoming increasingly prevalent, which poses a serious threat to soybean production in India and results in significant yield losses. Developing herbicide-tolerant soybean cultivars, when coupled with a lack of novel herbicides, increases the herbicidal spectrum and reduces crop phytotoxicity, making it an efficient weed management method. Currently, no Indian soybean is herbicide-tolerant, and no study on the development of herbicide-tolerant soybeans has been executed in India. Introgression of an herbicide-tolerant gene into the genetic background of popular Indian soybean is an effective strategy to develop novel soybean cultivars. Therefore, the molecular marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) approach was adopted in the current study for the genetic introgression of a glyphosate-tolerant gene, EPSPS, to develop herbicide-tolerant soybean. The introgression of the glyphosate-tolerant gene, EPSPS, from an American herbicide-tolerant soybean variety (S14-9017GT) into the genetic background of the elite popular Indian soybean variety, JS 9560 (the recurrent parent), was done using MABB. Foreground selection was done using the EPSPS gene-linked Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker EPSPS2, and background selection was performed using 124 genome-wide SSR markers polymorphic between S14-9017GT and JS 9560. Selection of glyphosate-Tolerant lines in each generation until BC2F2 was carried out to improve the recovery of the recurrent parent genome (RPG). About 38 BC2F2 plants were developed and found to recover 94.35 to 98.77% of the recurrent parent genome. The improved BC2F2 population was evaluated for herbicide tolerant using glyphosate spray (3 ml/litre), and it was found that fourteen (14) BC2F2 plants were homozygous (EPSPS/EPSPS) for the glyphosate Tolerant trait, in which P-11-09 is showing the highest recurrent parent genome recovery (98.77%). Selfing of positive BC2F2 plants resulted in 583 BC2F3 population. Phenotypic selection for agronomic traits in the Tolerant BC2F3 generation was carried out, and it was recorded that the performance of BC2F3 plants was like that of the recurrent parent, JS 9560. Overall, the study showed that the glyphosate-tolerant EPSPS allele was successfully introgressed into the genetic background of the popular soybean variety JS 9560, resulting in the development of herbicide-tolerant (HT) BC2F3 lines. This is the first study on the breeding of herbicide-tolerant soybeans in India. The superior plants developed will be tested in further breeding programs to develop soybean cultivars with glyphosate tolerant in India.

An overview of maize landraces of the North-Eastern Himalayan region of India with special reference to ‘Sikkim Primitive’ - a unique landrace with extraordinary prolificacy

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Maize landraces serve as a goldmine for novel genes pertaining to tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, adaptability, and nutritional quality traits. Worldwide, maize landraces are cultivated in specific areas for their unique characteristics, as preferred by the farming community. In India, the North-Eastern Himalayan (NEH) region is rich in diverse maize landraces, some of which are unique globally. However, the utilization of these maize landraces in breeding programmes has been limited. Here, we discussed the importance of maize landraces as a source of diverse traits, besides mentioning some of the most promising landraces available globally. We presented the extent of genetic diversity present in NEH-based maize landraces using morphological, cytological, biochemical, and molecular markers. The distinctiveness of Sikkim Primitive – a unique landrace for its extraordinary prolificacy has been mentioned in detail. We also mentioned the genetic and genomic analysis undertaken on Sikkim Primitive for dissecting prolificacy in maize.